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These products are from our selection of performance guaranteed DNA damage and repair antibodies.Īpoptosis morphological identification with DAPI nuclear stainĭAPI is a dye that can be used as a tool to visualise nuclear changes and assess apoptosis. Our PARP antibodies are suitable for many applications including immunofluorescence microscopy, immunohistochemistry of both frozen and paraffin embedded tissue sections and western blotting. Caspase 3 cleavage of PARP inhibits its ability to repair DNA damage. PARP is involved in the base excision repair pathway by catalysing the synthesis of poly (ADP-ribose) and modifying nuclear proteins. One important DNA repair enzyme is Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) which binds to DNA strand breaks. Inhibition of DNA repair enzymes by caspases leads to DNA fragmentation. Extraction of the DNA fragments from apoptosis cells followed by agarose gel electrophoresis results in a distinctive DNA ladder appearance.įig.1. HeLa nuclear extract probed with Mouse anti Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase antibody (MCA1522) During apoptosis caspase 3 cleaves ICAD, releasing and activating CAD which causes DNA degradation and chromatin condensation.Ĭhromosomal DNA is first broken into large fragments (50 - 300 kilobases) before they are cleaved into smaller nucleosomal fragments (approximately 200 base pairs). Our range of apoptosis antibodies are available in different formats, suitable for many applications.Ĭaspases are indirectly involed in DNA fragmentation by activating cellular nucleases: CAD (caspase activated DNase) also called DFF40 (DNA fragmentation factor) exists in an inactive form by complexing with ICAD (inhibitor of CAD). Activated caspases are involved upstream in many of these processes often acting on substrates that ultimately lead to DNA damage and fragmentation. The latter stages of apoptosis involve nuclear changes such as DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, inhibition of DNA repair enzymes and the breakdown of structural nuclear proteins.